After graduating he taught at Montpellier and Amiens. [141][note 18], Bloch was arrested at the Place de Pont, Lyon,[1] during a major roundup by the Vichy milice on 8 March 1944, and handed over to Klaus Barbie of the Lyon Gestapo. 5 found Marc Léopold Benjamin Bloch; 1886 m. liepos 6 d. – 1944 m. birželio 16 d.) – prancÅ«zų istorikas ir istorijos filosofas, Viduramžių PrancÅ«zijos specialistas, vienas istoriografinės Analų mokyklos pradininkų.. Biografija. [48] Among the closest of them, all killed in action, were: Maxime David (died 1914), Antoine-Jules Bianconi (died 1915) and Ernest babut (died 1916). [45] Bloch did not believe that it was possible to understand or recreate the past by the mere act of compiling facts from sources; rather, he described a source as a witness, "and like most witnesses", he wrote, "it rarely speaks until one begins to question it". Marc Bloch - one of the most distinguished 20th Century historians - is the author of Strange Defeat: A Statement of Evidence Written in 1940. Marc Bloch was born at Lyons on July 6, 1886, the son of Gustave Bloch, a professor of ancient history. [58] Bloch's emphasis on using comparative history harked back to the Enlightenment, when writers such as Voltaire and Montesquieu decried the notion that history was a linear narrative of individuals and pushed for a greater use of philosophy in studying the past. [30] His doctoral thesis—a study of 10th-century French serfdom—was titled Rois et Serfs, un Chapitre d'Histoire Capétienne. Back in France, where his ability to work was curtailed by new anti-Semitic regulations, he applied for and received one of the few permits available allowing Jews to continue working in the French university system. Much of his editorialising in Annales emphasised the importance of parallel evidence to be found in neighbouring fields of study, especially archaeology, ethnography, geography, literature, psychology, sociology, technology,[193] air photography, ecology, pollen analysis and statistics. [198], Comparative history, too, still proved controversial many years after Bloch's death,[180] and Bryce Lyon has posited that, had Bloch survived the war, it is very likely that his views on history—already changing in the early years of the second war, just as they had done in the aftermath of the first—would have re-adjusted themselves against the very school he had founded. [101] This is partly at least the fault of historians themselves, who have not critically re-examined Bloch's work but rather treat him as a fixed and immutable aspect of the historiographical background. Although it helped mould Bloch's ideas for the future, it did not, says Bryce Loyn, give any indication of the originality of thought that Bloch would later be known for,[21] and was not vastly different to what others had written on the subject. [119] Regarding the facts of life, Bloch told Etienne to attempt always to avoid what Bloch termed "contaminated females". [192] He suggested that, fundamentally, they were the same subjects, although he criticised geographers for failing to take historical chronology[26] or human agency into account. The College did not. [1] Bloch was imprisoned in Montluc prison,[116] during which time his wife died. Lyon says Lamprecht had denounced what he saw as the German obsession with political history and had focused on art and comparative history, thus "infuriat[ing] the Rankianer". [107] The latter, further south, was beneficial to his wife's health, which was in decline. [116] Bloch used his professional and military skills on their behalf, writing propaganda for them and organising their supplies and materiel, becoming a regional organiser. [144][note 20] He described himself as "a stranger to any formal religious belief as well as any supposed racial solidarity, I have felt myself to be, quite simply French before anything else". [134], Bloch's brother Louis became a doctor, and eventually the head of the diphtheria section of the Hôpital des Enfants-Malades. During World War I he served in the infantry, winning four citations and the Legion of Honor. The Nazis wanted French editorial boards to be stripped of Jews in accordance with German racial policies; Bloch advocated disobedience, while Febvre was passionate about the survival of Annales at any cost. [38] Bloch was one of over 800 ÉNS students who enlisted; 239 were to be killed in action. [60] Durkheim died in 1917, but the movement he began against the "smugness" that pervaded French intellectual thinking continued. He studied history in Paris, Leipzig and Berlin. [20] He was clearly, says Loyn, both a good and a brave soldier;[52] he later wrote, "I know only one way to persuade a troop to brave danger: brave it yourself". [42] It was a completely different world to the one he was used to, being "a world where differences were settled not by words but by bullets". [117] He went under various pseudonyms: Arpajon, Chevreuse, Narbonne. He was not, though, particularly critical of English historiography, and respected the long tradition of rural history in that country as well as more materially the government funding that went into historical research there. [9] Back in Strasbourg, his main duty was the evacuation of civilians to behind the Maginot Line. [41] Bloch kept a war diary from his enlistment. Marc Bloch, moins polémique que son aîné Lucien Febvre, le rejoint cependant par la rigueur de ses analyses et sa volonté d'ouvrir le champ de l'histoire aux autres disciplines scientifiques. During the First Battle of the Marne, Bloch's troop was responsible for the assault and capture of Florent before advancing on La Gruerie. [172] Instead, in 1948, his son Étienne offered the Archives Nationales his father's papers for repository, but they rejected the offer. Ce projet échoue. [47] In autumn 1939,[47] just before the outbreak of war, Bloch published the first volume of Feudal Society. Marc Léopold Benjamin Bloch (/ b l ɒ k /; French: [maʁk blɔk]; 6 July 1886 – 16 June 1944) was a French historian. [56] Febvre later said that when he first met Bloch in 1902, he found a slender young man with "a timid face". Il avertit ses supérieurs qu'un cours public de Marc Bloch peut provoquer des démonstrations hostiles, dont il ne veut pas être tenu pour responsable[12]. [100] The journalist-turned-resistance fighter Georges Altman later told how he knew Bloch as, although originally "a man, made for the creative silence of gentle study, with a cabinet full of books" was now "running from street to street, deciphering secret letters in some Lyonaisse Resistance garret";[138] all Bloch's notes were kept in code. Genève, Slatkine - Megariotis reprints, 1976. Professeur de lycée (Montpellier puis Amiens) quand éclate la Première Guerre mondiale, il est mobilisé comme sergent d'infanterie. Ancien combattant de la Première Guerre mondiale et de la Seconde Guerre mondiale, il est décoré de la Légion d'honneur à titre militaire, de la croix de guerre 1914-1918 (avec quatre citations) et de la croix de guerre 1939-1945 (avec une citation). [137] Some of his pupils believed him to be an Orthodox Jew, but Loyn says this is incorrect. Marc Bloch suit de 1908 à 1909 les cours des facultés de Berlin et de Leipzig avant d'être pensionnaire à la Fondation Thiers (1909-1912). [105] For the first time, suggests Lyon, Bloch was forced to consider the role of the individual in history, rather than the collective; perhaps by then even realising he should have done so earlier. Let us more simply say, in order to avoid any discussion of method, human studies. Il rédige entre la fin 1940 et début 1943, sans documentation et dans des conditions difficiles, Apologie pour l'histoire ou Métier d'historien, publié en 1949 par les soins de Lucien Febvre, livre « testament » dans lequel il résume les exigences singulières du métier d'historien[13]. [136] In March 1942 Bloch and other French academics such as Georges Friedmann and Émile Benveniste, refused to join or condone the establishment of the Union Générale des Israelites des France by the Vichy government, a group intended to include all Jews in France, both of birth and immigration. [29], Bloch's fundamental views on the nature and purpose of the study of history were established by 1920. Sujet de recherche Résistance entre concept et phénomène . [80] Henri Pirenne, a Belgian historian who wrote comparative history, closely supported the new journal. [131] Henri Hauser supported Febvre's position, and Bloch was offended when Febvre intimated that Hauser had more to lose than both of them. [4] In July 1919 he married Simonne Vidal, a "cultivated and discreet, timid and energetic"[86] woman, at a Jewish wedding. [39] On 2 August 1914[31] he was assigned to the 272nd Reserve Regiment. Markas Blokas (pranc. Marc Bloch est nommé en tant que maître de conférences en 1919, professeur sans chaire en 1921 puis professeur d'histoire du Moyen Âge en 1927 à la faculté de Strasbourg, redevenue française ; ses qualités professorales et sa rigueur méthodologique contribuent alors au prestige de l'Université française[7]. Marc Bloch (sous la direction de A. Becker), Société de l'histoire de Paris et de l'Île-de-France, Apologie pour l'histoire ou Métier d'historien, Bibliothèque de sciences humaines et sociales Paris Descartes-CNRS, 4e bataillon de l'École spéciale militaire de Saint-Cyr, École supérieure des officiers de réserve spécialistes d'état-major, université des sciences humaines de Strasbourg, Salle des inventaires virtuelle des Archives nationales, http://rhe.ish-lyon.cnrs.fr/?q=agregsecondaire_laureats&nom=bloch&annee_op=%3D&annee%5Bvalue%5D=&annee%5Bmin%5D=&annee%5Bmax%5D=&periode=All&concours=All&items_per_page=10&page=1, Sur une forme d'histoire qui n'est pas la nôtre. la société du haut moyen age. [34] With Bloch working over 16 hours a week on his classes, there was little time for him to work on his thesis. [187], It is possible, argues Weber, that had Bloch survived the war, he would have stood to be appointed Minister of Education in a post-war government and reformed the education system he had condemned for losing France the war in 1940. [158], 1931 saw the publication of Les caractéres originaux de l'histoire rurale francaise. Marc Léopold Benjamin Bloch (Lyon, 6 juli 1886 - Saint-Didier-de-Formans, 16 juni 1944) was een Frans historicus.Zijn invloed ligt op het terrein van de cultuurgeschiedenis en mentaliteitsgeschiedenis.Samen met Lucien Febvre richtte hij in 1929 het tijdschrift Annales op dat sindsdien onder verschillende benamingen heeft bestaan.. Biografie. [114] At one point he expected to be invited to neutral Belgium to deliver a series of lectures in Liège. En particulier, il exprime son écœurement devant l'attitude d'une partie de la bourgeoisie française, qui, à son avis, avait contribué de manière décisive à la défaite et ensuite s'était alliée au fascisme en collaborant activement avec les Allemands. [4] This was a more demanding position than the one he had applied for at the College. [77] Editing the journal led to Bloch forming close professional relationships with scholars in different fields across Europe. This can be summed up as illustrating how it was known of but little used in the classical period; it became an economic necessity in the early medieval period; and finally, in the later Middle Ages it represented a scarce resource increasingly concentrated in the nobility's hands. For example, candidates Nicolas Sarkozy and Marine Le Pen both cited Bloch's lines from Strange Defeat: "there are two categories of Frenchmen who will never really grasp the significance of French history: those who refuse to be thrilled by the Consecration of our Kings at Reims, and those who can read unmoved the account of the Festival of Federation". [122], To Bloch, France collapsed because her generals failed to capitalise on the best qualities humanity possessed—character and intelligence[123]—because of their own "sluggish and intractable" progress since the First World War. [24] Bloch joined the 46th Infantry Regiment based at Pithiviers from 1905 to 1906. [107][note 21] Febvre continued publishing Annales, ("if in a considerably modified form" comments Beatrice Gottlieb),[148][note 22] dividing his time between his country château in the Franche-Comté[148] and working at the École Normale in Paris. [172] Strange Defeat has been called Bloch's autopsy of the France of the inter-war years. [4], On 24 August 1939, at the age of 53,[47] Bloch was mobilised for a third time,[47] now as a fuel supply officer. [40] Bloch enjoyed the early days of the war;[31] like most of his generation, he had expected a short but glorious conflict. He rejected the political and biographical history which up until that point was the norm,[58] along with what the historian George Huppert has described as a "laborious cult of facts" that accompanied it. Également partisan d’une unicité des sciences de l'homme, il cherchera un recours permanent à la méthode comparative, favorisera la pluridisciplinarité et le travail collectif chez les historiens. Il est affecté au Service des essences et sa conduite durant la guerre lui vaudra d'être cité à l'ordre du corps d'armée. Il y a 70 ans, Henri Falque entrait dans la Résistance, Supplique à Monsieur le Président de la République pour le transfert au Panthéon de Marc Bloch, Apologie pour l'histoire ou métier d'historien, Réseau des bibliothèques de Suisse occidentale, Thèses de doctorat ès lettres soutenues en France de 1808 à 1940, Convois de la déportation des Juifs de France, Centre de documentation juive contemporaine, Lois sur le statut des Juifs du régime de Vichy, Chronologie de la collaboration dans la Shoah, Collaboration policière sous le régime de Vichy, Fils et filles de déportés juifs de France, Portail de la culture juive et du judaïsme, https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marc_Bloch&oldid=178903345, Titulaire de la croix de guerre 1914-1918, Personnalité exécutée par le Troisième Reich, Catégorie Commons avec lien local identique sur Wikidata, Article de Wikipédia avec notice d'autorité, Page pointant vers des bases relatives à la recherche, Page pointant vers des bases relatives à la vie publique, Portail:Résistance française/Articles liés, Portail:Seconde Guerre mondiale/Articles liés, Portail:Époque contemporaine/Articles liés, Portail:Biographie/Articles liés/Culture et arts, Portail:Biographie/Articles liés/Militaire, licence Creative Commons attribution, partage dans les mêmes conditions, comment citer les auteurs et mentionner la licence, Parrain de promotion de grandes écoles : en 1995, une des promotions du. [67] Although he could have remained in Britain,[120] he chose to return to France the day he arrived[67] because his family was still there. For example, by using 18th- and 19th-century maps to indicate what the agricultural and physical terrain was like hundreds of years earlier, as this would not have changed much in the meantime. [124] Bloch understood the reasons for France's sudden defeat: not in the rumours of British betrayal, communist fifth columns or fascist plots, but in her failure to motorise, and perhaps more importantly, her failure to understand what motorisation meant. [74] Bloch described the study as something of a sketch,[36] although Stirling has called it his "most enduring work ... still a cornerstone of medieval curricula"[101] in 2007 and representative of Bloch at the peak of his career. [87] This placed a strain on Bloch's and his relations,[87] although they communicated regularly by letter and much of their correspondence has been preserved. [100] Bloch—"distancing himself from the encroaching threat of Nazi Germany"[101]—applied and was approved for his position. [29] The dean of faculty at Montpellier was Augustin Fliche, an ecclesiastical historian of the Middle Ages, who, according to Weber, "made no secret of his antisemitism". Il en découle fatalement « la crainte de toute initiative, chez les maîtres comme chez les élèves ; la négation de toute libre curiosité ; le culte du succès substitué au goût de la connaissance. [105], By now, Annales was being published six times a year to keep on top of current affairs, however, its "outlook was gloomy". [64][94] While he was opposed to the growth of European fascism, he also objected to "demagogic appeals to the masses" to fight it, as the Communist Party was doing. Davies writes, "he was certainly not afraid of repeating himself; and, unlike most English historians, he felt it his duty to reflect on the aims and purposes of history". [121] He did not, however, believe that the earlier war was an indication of how the next would progress: "no two successive wars", he wrote in 1940, "are ever the same war". pour mieux comprendre l'évolution des structures agraires de l'Occident médiéval et moderne. [189], At the turn of the millennium "there is a woeful lack of critical engagement with Marc Bloch's writing in contemporary academic circles" according to Stirling. [56] In his teaching, his delivery was halting. Marc Leopold Benjamin Bloch (6. heinäkuuta 1886 – 16. kesäkuuta 1944) oli ranskalainen historioitsija, annalisti, keskiajan tutkija, historianfilosofi, professori ja Ranskan vastarintaliikkeen aktiivijäsen. [141] Bloch fell first, reputedly shouting "Vive la France"[116] before being shot. Bloch, alluding to his ethnicity, replied that the difference between them was that, whereas he feared for his children because of their Jewishness, Febvre's children were in no more danger than any other man in the country. [116] He believed that society should be governed by the young, and, although politically he was a moderate, he noted that revolutions generally promote the young over the old: "even the Nazis had done this, while the French had done the reverse, bringing to power a generation of the past". [note 25] Within French historiography this led to a forensic focus on administrative history as expounded by historians such as Ernest Lavisse. In Université de Strasbourg, Faculté des Lettres (ed.). [77] Bloch, forced to accede, turned the Annales over to the sole editorship of Febvre, who then changed the journal's name to Mélanges d'Histoire Sociale. [29] His first lecture was on the theme of never-ending history, a process, a never to be finished thing. [54] Bloch later described the war, in a detached style, as having been a "gigantic social experience, of unbelievable richness". [29] His parents had moved house and now resided at the Avenue d'Orleans, not far from Bloch's quarters. Bloch's ideas on comparative history were particularly popular in Scandinavia, and he regularly returned to them on his subsequent lectures there. He moved to Paris, and in doing so, says Fink, became all the more aloof. [126] Bloch defined feudal society as, "from the peasants' point of view",[165] politically fragmentary, where they are ruled by an aristocratic upper-class. [72], In the meantime, the allies had invaded Normandy on 6 June 1944. It is true that we emerged from the last war desperately tired, and that after four years not only of fighting but of mental laziness, we were only too anxious to get back to our proper employments...That is our excuse. [23]» Seules importent la préparation et la réussite aux examens et concours. [6] The same year, Bloch visited England; he later recalled being struck more by the number of homeless people on the Victoria Embankment than the new Entente Cordiale relationship between the two countries. [21] His experiences made him rethink his views on history,[43] and influenced his subsequent approach to the world in general. One had to do it well to be a minimally accepted historian". [81] The three men kept up a regular correspondence until Pirenne's death in 1935. But I have long ceased to believe that it can wash us clean of guilt. lectures were published as Seigneurie francaise et manoir anglais (Paris, 1960), with a preface by Georges Duby.

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